thought of Ebola Virus Disease. It's been decades since a disease or
calamity of such a proportion threatened our relationships, business,
sports and our very existence.
In the midst of all the trepidation came a ray of hope - an
experimental secret serum, manufactured by California-based
Biopharmaceutical giant, Mapp. It has been administered to two
Americans and a Spanish priest (first European), all infected in
Liberia. The priest lost the battle against Ebola despite receiving
the experimental solution after he was flown back to his country,
Spain. However, the health of Dr. Kent Brantly and missionary aid
worker, Nancy Writebol, has improved tremendously to reinforce the
efficacy of the drug, ZMapp. After the malady had claimed the lives of
over a 1,000 people in Africa with just about the same number
presently inflicted with the disease, the American government in
collaboration with the World Health Organisation on compassionate
grounds, sent experimental samples to Liberia for trials on Ebola
patients.
It is puzzling why over a thousand Africans had to die before talks of
a vaccine hit the airwaves. It is safe to conclude that had the two
Americans not contracted the virus, we won't be close to any drug of
any sort. Before now, the research for a cure had been shrouded in
secrecy by the Americans. That the ailment had no cure and is a fast
moving outbreak gives a technical knockout to the argument of ethics -
that the vaccine should first be tested on compatriots of the
researchers and manufacturers in America.
The laboratories of American pharmaceutical companies were not short
of promising research experiments of vaccines or drugs. They weren't
eager to develop a vaccine if they aren't sure who would buy it. With
just over a thousand deaths, it's just a blip compared to the
mortality rate of other diseases. For instance, malaria kills a child
every minute. Compare the death rate of malaria with other deadly
diseases, then you'll discover why GlaxoSmithKline and other
pharmaceutical giants are making billion dollar investments,
researching and working day and night for vaccines for malaria. Ebola
is horrifying, but it's also sporadic -- between the big 2001 outbreak
and this one, only a few dozen people have got sick every year or two.
The current outbreak has spread among a handful of poor countries that
all have weak health infrastructure. America and the rest of the
developed world knew the deadly disease had no known cure but since it
has mainly being affecting only Africans in several outbreaks since
1976 it wasn't worth any serious research investment.
Ebola vaccine not the answer?
But even if any of the drugs on trial works, it would be a stretch to
say we could confidently use it to prevent another Ebola outbreak. The
experimental Ebola vaccine, ZMapp, or any other one for that matter,
it appears, might not even be the answer to the ravaging strain of the
virus. A well-funded and researched vaccine would have done the magic
like it was the case for smallpox and polio which put an abrupt end to
the outbreaks.
The exigency of a cure for the scourge has made relevant authorities
approve the use of some experiment solutions on compassionate grounds.
Anyone receiving a rushed mass vaccine like this is putting an
enormous amount of trust in pharmaceutical companies and the
government because there is no way to know the long term effects of
the disease. It can't be easily ascertained at the moment. The fears
of its long term effect exist no matter how infinitesimal it might
seem. The memory of all the kids, who now suffer from a severe form of
narcolepsy due to the swine flu vaccine that was hurriedly created a
few years ago, remains evergreen.
Before we can say Uhuru, the efficacy of such a drug should cut across
the various strains of Ebola. The current outbreak is the Zaire virus,
but previous outbreaks were Sudan and Cote d'Ivoire strains. The drugs
being bandied about might not be the quintessential Ebola elixir that
we crave. Most of the experimental drugs are solutions to fight the
Zaire virus strain. These experimental drugs can kill the present
virus in the body system and prevent it from infecting others but it
does not in any way make us completely immune from the virus, that is,
another outbreak.
Continue in comment box.
Containing the scourge would have been much easier with vaccination at the early stage of the outbreak; it is difficult to stop the epidemic in fast moving diseases like Ebola. According to community health professionals, most vaccines take a few weeks to provide immunity, and even then, they don’t always control the disease spread. A recent WHO statement submitted that even if any of the drugs or vaccines is successful, it will take at least six months to contain the outbreak.
ReplyDeleteDuring the early weeks of the pestilence, villagers in Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea blocked streets, preventing doctors and health workers from gaining access to Ebola patients. This will pose a problem to vaccination if it eventually becomes available. We heard on good report that at a point, soldiers were deployed in hospitals to prevent locals from forcefully taking away Ebola patients. There are still remote villages and communities in Nigeria that resist polio vaccination. They see it as an unwarranted intrusion from the ‘white man’. Imagine what would happen if we tried to pre-emptively vaccinate thousands of people who not only are skeptical of Western medicine but have never heard of Ebola.
Fighting the epidemic must involve a multi-pronged drug. ZMapp serum, other drugs from Canada and the one by some Nigerian doctors in the Diaspora, focus on eradicating the disease after infection. What the global community needs is a vaccine to prevent the infection from getting into the body, that is the development of anti-bodies within the subject rather than injecting them from outside the body.
The serum is by no means the end of Ebola but it leads us away from ineffective containment of the deadly virus disease. The use of vaccine or drug might not be the fastest way that will bring the spread of this highly infectious malady to a stop. Nevertheless, the Ebola story is not all gloomy as 40 per cent of victims are surviving.
For now, Ebola patients will jump at the chance to live free of the virus than worry about any side effects in the long term or another outbreak in the future. This is hoping that these limited doses of the vaccine will not distract and ultimately derail efforts to curb the frenzied outbreak using tried, tested and true methods like rapid identification and isolation of the sick and providing basic supportive care for patients, finding and educating who’s been in contact with them and strict hospital infection control. With these, Ebola can slowly but surely be driven away.
Ilevbare is a policy analyst and blogger.
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